Health & Medicine Multi-part Series

Opioids (Mild): Codeine, Tramadol, and Tapentadol

A clinical pharmacology reference on Codeine, Tramadol, and Tapentadol — their legitimate uses, mechanisms, why they are abused, side effects, and Indian scheduling.

10 parts

~39 min total

Chirag Singhal

Start Reading — Part 1

All Parts

Health & Medicine May 4, 2026 · 8 min

Opioids (Mild): Codeine, Tramadol, and Tapentadol

A clinical pharmacology reference on Codeine, Tramadol, and Tapentadol — their legitimate uses, mechanisms, why they are abused, side effects, and Indian scheduling.

#codeine#tramadol#tapentadol

Health & Medicine May 4, 2026 · 5 min

Opioids (Strong): Morphine, Fentanyl, Pethidine, and Buprenorphine

A clinical pharmacology reference on the strongest opioid analgesics — their legitimate uses, mechanisms, why they are diverted, side effects, and Indian scheduling.

#morphine#fentanyl#pethidine

Health & Medicine May 4, 2026 · 4 min

Benzodiazepines: Alprazolam, Diazepam, Lorazepam, and Clonazepam

A clinical pharmacology reference on the most commonly abused benzodiazepines in India — their salt names, mechanisms, side effects, and signs of abuse.

#alprazolam#diazepam#lorazepam

Health & Medicine May 4, 2026 · 3 min

Z-Drugs and Sedatives: Zolpidem, Zopiclone, and Nitrazepam

A clinical pharmacology reference on non-benzodiazepine hypnotics and older sedatives commonly abused for their trance-like and euphoric effects.

#zolpidem#zopiclone#nitrazepam

Health & Medicine May 4, 2026 · 4 min

Gabapentinoids: Pregabalin and Gabapentin

A clinical reference on Pregabalin and Gabapentin, the rapidly emerging class of abused nerve-pain medications, covering their pharmacology and abuse patterns.

#pregabalin#gabapentin#gabapentinoids

Health & Medicine May 4, 2026 · 4 min

Stimulants: Methylphenidate, Modafinil, and Amphetamines

A clinical pharmacology reference on CNS stimulants used for ADHD and narcolepsy that are commonly abused for cognitive enhancement and euphoria.

#methylphenidate#modafinil#amphetamine

Health & Medicine May 4, 2026 · 4 min

Dissociatives: Ketamine, Dextromethorphan, and Nitrous Oxide

A clinical pharmacology reference on NMDA antagonists diverted for recreational use, covering Ketamine, DXM, and Nitrous Oxide.

#ketamine#dextromethorphan#nitrous oxide

Health & Medicine May 4, 2026 · 4 min

Anticholinergics and Antihistamines: Promethazine, Diphenhydramine, and Trihexyphenidyl

A clinical reference on OTC and prescription drugs abused for their deliriant, sedative, and hallucinogenic effects via anticholinergic mechanisms.

#promethazine#diphenhydramine#trihexyphenidyl

Health & Medicine May 4, 2026 · 4 min

Muscle Relaxants and Barbiturates: Carisoprodol, Cyclobenzaprine, and Phenobarbital

A clinical reference on older sedatives, muscle relaxants, and barbiturates with significant abuse potential and dangerous withdrawal profiles.

#carisoprodol#cyclobenzaprine#phenobarbital

Health & Medicine May 4, 2026 · 5 min

Anabolic Steroids and Performance-Enhancing Drugs

A clinical reference on Nandrolone, Stanozolol, Testosterone, and hGH — substances diverted from medicine into gyms and athletics for performance enhancement.

#anabolic steroids#nandrolone#stanozolol